objectivesch100f01

OBJECTIVES/PROBLEMS
CHEMISTRY 100 - Spring 2004

Based on the (optional) Ninth edition of Hill & Kolb “Chemistry for Changing Times”
NOTE: it is good practice for students to do exercises and problems.

A. Science and Chemistry- Basic Processes and Framework

READINGS: Read Chapter 1, focus on sections 1.1, 1.3,1.4, 1.6,-1.13. Also read Chapter6, p.168 - the postulates for Kinetic Molecular Theory. Read section 6.6 up to Boyle”s Law. (NOTE: do all exercises in the focus sections)

After the lectures, laboratory experiments 1&2, readings and problems listed above , you are expected to be able to:

1. Describe the difference between technology and science
2. Write a list of the 5 characteristics of science.
3. Define scientific law, theory or model, experiment and variable
4. describe the difference between applied research (or science) and basic research (or science).
5. Define mass and weight. Describe how mass and weight differ.
6. Recognize physical versus chemical properties and changes (expt 16 and).
7. Define the three states of matter and describe differences in energy, and molecular spacing.
8. Define substance and mixture and identify critical differences between these two forms of matter.
9. Define element and compound and identify elements and compound from formulas.
10. Write or list the postulates of kinetic theory. (Chap 6, 168)
11. Describe the difference between atom and molecule.
12. Measure length, mass, volume, time, and temperature using metric and English systems
13. Use metric units in calculations
14. Use the dimensional analysis or factor label calculation to convert between units.
15. Use “power of ten notation” or scientific notation in laboratory work.
16. Define and calculate density from laboratory measurements.
17. Use Archimedes Principle to determine the volume of an irregular object.
18. Define kinetic and potential energy.
19. Define temperature and heat.
20. Describe how temperature and heat differ.
21. Utilize the five basic principles of critical thinking to analyze claims.
22. Do problems/ questions on pp. 30-33, textbook, 3, 21-26, 28, 36, 38, 40-60,65,71.
23. Do all exercises within assigned readings.

B. Building Blocks of Matter and Laws of Conservation.

Readings: Chapter 2, text. Focus on sections 2.2-2.7. (NOTE: do all exercises in the focus sections)

After the lectures and readings listed above , you are expected to be able to:

24. Write the law of conservation of mass, the law of definite proportions, and the law of multiple proportions.
25. Write the four postulates of Dalton;s atomic theory.
26. Explain the conservation laws in objective 24 using Dalton;s atomic theory.

C. Using the Laws of Conservation in Practice.

Readings: Read Chapter 6, text- focus on sections 6.1,6.3-6.5 (through example 6.10), 6.7 (through example 6.20). (NOTE: do all exercises in the focus sections)

After the lectures and readings listed above , you are expected to be able to:

27 Recognize balanced equations and balance simple equations (examples 6.1 & 6.2) .
28. Define mole and determine formula masses and molar masses.
29. Define molarity and be able to calculate molarity from moles and volume of solution (example 6.19). This will be used in lab for experiments 7&8.
30. Calculate moles of a substance from mass of a substance ( example 6.20).

D. Internal Structure of Atoms

Readings: Read chapter 3, text, focus on sections 3.4-3.9. (NOTE: do all exercises in the focus sections)

After the lectures and readings listed above , you are expected to be able to:

31. Discuss the two main characteristics of matter that forced science to study the internal structure of atoms ( electricity and line spectra).
32. Identify the parts of the atom, the three particles and their location in the atom, and relate the volume and mass of the nucleus to the extra nuclear space.
33. Write the electron configuration for the first 40 elements in both the Bohr and Quantum Mechanical model.
34. Identify ground and excited states.
35. Identify the source of light emitted by atoms.
36. Draw a rough representation of the s and p orbitals.
37. associate electron configuration with valence electrons and periodic properties.
38. Identify inert gases, halogens, alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, transition metals, inner transition metals, metals, and non-metals on the periodic table.
39. Identify periods as horizontal rows of elements on the periodic chart.
40. Write the chemical characteristics of elements in groups and families versus the chemical characteristics of elements in periods.

E. The Atomic Nucleus

Readings: Read chapter 4, text. Focus on sections 4.1 - 4.11, 4.12 - 4.15.

After the lectures and readings listed above , you are expected to be able to:

41. Write and recognize the components of nuclear notation (section 3.5).
42. Define radioactive decay and isotopes.
43. Define alpha, beta an gamma radiation and write the important characteristics of each radiation type (table 4.1)
44. Define positron emission and electron capture.
45. Do exercises 4.1, a&b only).
46. Define half life and do half life problems ( from lecture and exercise 4.2).
46. Write the origin of C-14 and how this isotope is used to date artifacts from the past.
47. Define induced radiation and transmutation.
48. Write about isotopes used in medicine in both therapy and diagnostics.
49. Define background radiation, nuclear fusion, nuclear fission, chain reaction, radioactive fallout, thermonuclear reaction.
50. Write the advantages and disadvantages associated with nuclear powered electricity generation.
51. Describe how radioactive isotopes can get into the food chain and how this became reality in Chernobyl, Ukraine.
F. Chemical Bonds

Readings: Chapter 5, text. Focus on sections 5.3, 5.4, 5.6, 5.7 up to multiple bonds, 5.8 up to electronegativity. Most of this material will come from lectures and will not be in the readings, especially the material on conductivity.

After the lectures and readings listed above , you are expected to be able to:
52. Name the four most important bond types.
53. Associate the type of element(s) that go into each bond type. (metal and/or non-metal).
54. Demonstrate how bond type, solubility in water and conductivity are associated.
55. Define and diagram polarity in molecules.
56. Write the basic rules associating solubility and polarity

G. Air Chemistry and Air Quality

Readings: Chapter 12, Chap 7 focus on sections 7.1-7.6,( if done experiments 7 &8) .

After the lectures and readings listed above , you are expected to be able to:
57. Name the top 4 substances found in air and list in order of abundance.
58. Define ozone layer
59. Define allotrope
60. List the divisions of the atmosphere and write the name of the division where we live and the division where the ozone layer is found
61. Write the importance of the ozone layer.
62. Demonstrate what the source of oxygen and nitrogen in the air.
63. Define and diagram a temperature inversion.
64. Write the sources of London (industrial) smog and Los Angeles (photochemical ) smog.
65. Write about the significance of SO_x and NO_x .
66. Define what is meant by acid rain and define what is meant by the pH scale.
67. Write the source of acid rain
68. Define buffer in acid /base chemistry.
69. Write the equation for formation of carbonic acid from carbon dioxide and water. (expt 8)
70. Write the relationship between dissolved carbon dioxide and temperature (expt 8)
71. Write the reason for decrease in acidity of soda with increase in temperature. (expt 8)
72. Define particulate matter,carbon monoxide, PAN, hydrocarbon, and catalytic converter.
73. Write the reason for the decline in atmospheric lead.
74. Write the reason for ozone being a pollutant at ground level.
75. Write the reason for and components of indoor air pollution.
76. Define the greenhouse effect and the gaseous substances that contribute to this effect.

H. Fitness (and Oxidation/reduction)

Readings: Chapter 18, Chapter 8, article on running from CHEMatters, video clip from Covert Bailey, Expt 13.

After the lectures and readings listed above , you are expected to be able to:
77. Name the three major components of good nutrition
78. Describe the general structure of the components of nutrition and the major function of each in the body .
79. Name the two minor (in quantity only) component groups for good nutrition.
80. Describe the action of the following vitamins in the body and list the vitamin as to water soluble or fat soluble : vitamins a, B complex, C, D, E.
81. Define electrolytes.
82. Define the body mass index and write the reason that this is a better measure of heal;the than weight.
(see expt 2)
83. Define aerobic versus anaerobic exercise.
84. Draw Bailey’s enzyme diagram and describe how carbohydrate oxidation is anaerobic, fat oxidation is aerobic and pyruvic oxidation is aerobic.
85. Write about enzyme response to exercise and inactivity.
86. Define oxidation and reduction.
87. Use rules to determine the oxidized substance, reduced substance, oxidizing agent and reducing agent.
89. Name several oxidizing agents and reducing agents
90. Describe how exercise can increase the efficiency of the body in the following ways: better oxygen utilization, better oxygen transport, enhancement of mood, better bone strength, better weight control, better muscle strength, better endurance, and better blood pH control.
91. Describe any differences in nutritional needs between men and women regarding minerals such as Ca, Fe, Zn, Cu.
92. Write the % fat and carbohydrate oxidized for energy after 5 min. , 30 min. , and 45 min. of aerobic exercise.
93. Define hypoglycemia and the relation to lack of exercise.
94. Describe the function of lactic acid in athletic performance.

I. Energy, Reaction Rates and The Laws of Thermodynamics

Readings: Chapter 14, expt 6, expt 4

After the lectures and readings listed above , you are expected to be able to:
95. Use the formula on page 371, text to compute energy (see exercise 14-1)
96. Write the equation for photosynthesis used by aerobic plants.
97. Write the relationship between time and rate.
98. Write the relationship between reaction rate and temperature, concentration of reactant(s) , catalyst, state of matter, and particle size.
99. Write the first two laws of thermodynamics and the implications of the second law.
100. Write two ways to express the second law of thermodynamics- in terms of order /disorder or heat flow.
101. Define the term entropy
102. Write the characteristics of fossil fuels as shown in table 14.6, p. 388, text.
103. Write the advantages and problems associated with nuclear energy, solar energy, biomass energy, wind power, waterpower, tidal power, geothermal power, oil from shale and seeds, coal gasification and liquefaction, hydrogen, alcohol (expt 4), and fuel cell power.

J. Water Quality

Readings: Chapter 13 and Chapter 5 ( focus on sections 5.14 and 5.15)

After the lectures and readings listed above , you are expected to be able to:
104. List the unusual properties of water.
105. Write a description of biological contamination and eutrophication of water bodies.
106. Define dissolved oxygen and describe how this measurement can diagnose water body problems (expt 14).
107. Name the three critical nutrients that can speed eutrophication.
108. Name the limiting nutrient in fresh water and salt water,
109. Do calculations involving parts per million ( expts 12 & 14)
110. Describe the causes and effects of acid rain
111. Describe drinking water purification and the role of chlorine, ozone and iodine in water purification.
112. describe the three processes of wastewater treatment,; primary, secondary and tertiary.
113. List the advantages and disadvantages of fluoridation of drinking water.

K. Molecules of Life/ DNA, RNA, Proteins, Carbohydrates, Lipids/Fats

Readings: Chapter 15. Video clip on retrovirus infection (HIV)

After the lectures and readings listed above , you are expected to be able to:

114. Write the generalized formula for carbohydrates
115. Write describing the difference between simple sugars and polysaccharides.
116. Write about the difference between starch and cellulose in human metabolism,
117. Write the generalized structure for a fat and a fatty acid.
118. List the members of the lipid group in addition to fats (cholesterol & steroid hormones)
119. Write the definition and generalized structure for proteins.
120. Write the chemical name for the building blocks for proteins (amino acids)
121. Draw the generalized structure for the peptide bond.
122. Write what is meant by the sequence of amino acids with respect to proteins
123. Write what is meant by condensation (expt.11).
124. Explain what is meant by cross linking (expt 11).
125. Explain the role of DNA and RNA.
126. Describe the structure of a virus and a retrovirus.
127. Define enzyme and describe the lock and key mechanism of enzyme action.
128. Explain the role of reverse transcriptase in HIV replication.
129. Explain the action of AZT the first anti-HIV drug.
130. Describe three ways that genetic engineering takes place- insertion of DNA into bacteria, Insertion of DNA by viruses, and cloning.
131. Describe what is meant by DNA fingerprinting and its advantages /drawbacks.

L. Food and Farm

Readings: Chapter 16 ( note much of the material here has already been covered earlier. Therefore, the objectives will cover only new material.) Focus especially on 16.1-16.9, 16.12-16.17 Be sure to read carefully “Vegetarian diets on pp455-456 and “Fad Diets on pp 462-463.

After the lectures and readings listed above , you are expected to be able to:
132. Define LDL, HDL, triglyceride, and polyunsaturated fatty acid.
133. Define essential among acid and essential fatty acid
134. Name the two essential amino acids needed for neurotransmitter synthesis.
134. Define limiting reagent.
135. See objectives 80 and 91.
136. Name the two components of dietary fiber
137. Explain why processed food has lower nutrition.
138. List the 7 reasons for food additives.
139. List 3 foods that may have carcinogens (cancer causing chemicals) in them.
140. Define aflatoxin, safrole, and 3,4-benzpyrene.
141. Define incidental additives and name 5 of these mentioned in the text.
142. Write the equation for photosynthesis.
143. Write the two final products in glucose oxidation in the body.
144. Name the three major fertilizer components.
145. Name three secondary plant nutrients.
146. Name the chemical most used for pH control.
147. Define broad and narrow spectrum and persistent and nonpersistent with regard to insecticides.
148. Write the advantages and disadvantages as pesticides for chlorohydrocarbons, organophosphates, and carbamates and name one of each type.
149. List the advantages of the following as pest control agents or methods: sterilization, pheromones, juvenile hormones, other bugs/diseases.
150. List the advantages and disadvantages for the following herbicides: 2,4-D and 2,4-T, atrazine and glyphosate, paraquat.
151. Write how biological populations tend to grow.
152. List the possible causes that starvation continues despite world food production in excess of 3000 Kcal per person and food surpluses in many countries.

M. Drugs and Toxicology

Readings: Chapter19, Chapter 7, section 7.7, Chapter18, section 18.8, handout on Steroids, Chapter 20

After the lectures and readings listed above , you are expected to be able to:
153. Describe how drugs have been discovered traditionally.
154. Describe how drugs are increasingly discovered or designed.
155. Define the terms analgesic, antipyretic, antiinflammatory, antibiotic, hypodermic, expectorant, antihypertensive, antacid, acidosis, alkalosis, mimic, neurotransmitter, syndrome, decongestant, suppressant, hallucinogenic, depressant, stimulant, agonist, antagonist, anesthesia, narcotic, antianxiety agent, placebo, anticoagulant,
156. Write the advantages and disadvantages of acetylsalicylic acid, acetaminophen, ibuprofen, naproxen, and ketoprofen and write the brand name under which they are marketed.
157. Describe the use of antihistamines
158. Describe the use of dextromethorphan and guaifenesin in cold relief.
159. Describe the use of sulfa drugs, penicillins, cephalosporins, tetracyclines, and fluoroquinolones.
160. Describe the use of AZT (azidothymidine ) , ddl, ddc, d4t, abacavir as anti-HIV.
161. Describe the use of protease inhibitors on HIV.
162. Write the reasons for the limited effectiveness of these drugs.
163. Describe 4 mechanisms by which anticancer drugs are effective.
164. Define hormone and prostaglandin, steroid, androgen, and estrogen.
165. List the side effects of androgen use.
166. List the side effects of estrogen use.
176. Describe how the birth control pill operates.
177. Describe how the modern low dosage pill reduces certain risks, but acts also to prevent the fertilized ovum (new child) to attach to the uterus thereby inducing miscarriage.
178. Describe the diethylstilbestrol fiasco.
179. Describe how modern natural family planning uses the natural rhythm of a woman’s cycle to preclude any synthetic chemicals causing the syndrome of infertility.
180. Describe how estrogen and estrogen mimics are harming the aquatic environment.
181. Name the three conditions of the cardiovascular system for which drugs have been developed.
182. Describe what is meant by ischemic coronary artery disease, heart arrythmias, hypertension, and atherosclerosis.
183. Define psychotropic drug.
184. Describe the mechanism of signal transmission through a synapse and the action of chemical neurotransmitters.
185. Name the three categories of psychotropic drugs
186. Describe the action of epinephrine (adrenalin)
187. Name the two aminoacids that are the starting material for serotonin and for the dopa-norepinephrine series of neurotransmitters.
188. Name two depressants.
189.Define synergism.
190. Name 3 narcotics.
191. Name three stimulants.
192. Name two hallucinogens (mindbenders).
193. Define poison
194. Name 2 corrosives.
195. Name two chemicals that affect oxygen transport,
196. Name three infamous heavy metal poisons.
197. Describe the action of nerve gas and name two agents in many arsenals.
198. Define LD₅₀.
199. Describe the role of the liver in detoxification.
200. Define carcinogen, teratogen.

N. Laboratory Report Objectives

Readings: Lab. manual for each experiment scheduled

After doing the labs. and all. reports the student should be able to:
201. Write a laboratory report in the standard chem 100 format.
202 identify relationships as direct, inverse or no relation.
203. Use lab. glassware and hardware.
204 . Use test equipment.
205. Use various measurement devices.
206. Follow a lab. procedure.
207. Use standard safety equipment and work using correct safety procedures.