| Publications: |
- Joseph F. Chiang and S.H. Bauer, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 88, 420 (1966).
- Joseph F. Chiang, C.F. Wilcox, Jr., and S.H. Bauer, J. Am. Chem.
Soc., 90,
3149 (1968).
- Joseph F. Chiang, C.F. Wilcox, Jr., and S.H. Bauer, Bull. Am. Phys.
Soc.,
13, 832 (1968).
- Joseph F. Chiang and S. H. Bauer, Trans. Faraday Soc., 64, 224
(1968).
- Joseph F. Chiang, C.F. Wilcox, Jr., and S. H. Bauer, Tetrahedron,
25, 369
(1969).
- Joseph F. Chiang and S.H. Bauer, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 91, 1898 (1969).
- Joseph F. Chiang and S.H. Bauer, Studies of Conjugated Hydrocarbon
I: The Structure of Dimethylfulvene, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 92, 261 (1970).
- Joseph F. Chiang and S.H. Bauer, The Structure of Bicyclo[1,1,1]pentane,
J. Am. Chem. Soc., 92, 1614 (1970).
- Joseph F. Chiang and D.R. Whitman, LCAO-MO-SCF Calculation of B2O3,
Theoret. Chim. Acta, 17, 155 (1970).
- Joseph F. Chiang, The Molecular Structure of Cyclopropene, J.
Chin. Chem. Soc., 17, 65 (1970).
- Joseph F. Chiang and W.A. Bernett, The Molecular Structure of Perfluorocyclopropane
as Determined by Electron Diffractions, Tetrahedron, 27, 975 (1971).
- Joseph F. Chiang, The Molecular Structure of Bicyclo[2,1,1]hexane,
J. Am.
Chem. Soc., 93, 5044 (1971).
- Joseph F. Chiang and D.R. Whitman, The Electronic Structures of
Bicyclo[1,1,1]pentene and Bicyclo[1,1,0]butane, J. Am. Chem. Soc.,
94, 1126 (1972).
- Joseph F. Chiang, D.L. Zebelman, and S.H. Bauer, Structure of Strained
Polycyclics: Bond Distances and Angles in Tricyclo[3,3,0,02,6]oct-3-ene
and in Bicyclo[2,1,1]hexene-2. Tetrahedron, 28, 2727 (1972).
- Joseph F. Chiang, Martin T. Kratus, A.L. Andreassen, and S.H. Bauer,
Structure of Bicyclo[2,1,1]pentene Determined by Electron Diffraction,
J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Transaction II, 68, 1274 (1972).
- Joseph F. Chiang and Martin T. Kratus, Acta Cryst., A28, S306,
(1972).
- Joseph F. Chiang, The Molecular Structure of ZnCl4 and HfCl4, Tunghai
University Bulletin, April 1973.
- Joseph F. Chiang and C.F. Wilcox, Jr., Studies of Conjugated Ring
Hydrocarbons II: The Structure of Spiro[2,4]-hepta4,6-diene, J. Am.
Chem. Soc. 95, 2885 (1973).
- Joseph F. Chiang, The Molecular Structure of Pyridine-N-Oxide,
J. of
Chem. Phys., 61, 1280 (1974).
- Joseph F. Chiang and Raymond L. Chiang, The Average Structure of
2.3-Diazabicyclo[2.2,1]hepta-2-ene and 2,3-Diazabicyclo[2.2,2]oct-2-ene,
J. Mol Structure, 26, 175 (1978).
- Joseph F. Chiang, R. Chiang, K.C. Lu, Chung-Mei Sung and M.D. Harmony,
The Molecular Structure of Norbornene as Determined by Electron Diffraction
and Microwave Spectroscopy, J. Mol. Struct., 41, 67 (1977).
- Joseph F. Chiang and Martin T. Kratus, The Structure of Formamide
as Determined by Electron Diffraction, Taiwan Science, 31, 1 (1977).
- Joseph F. Chiang and K.C. Lu, The Molecular Structure of Tetra-fluoro-1.3-dithietane
as Determined by Electron Diffraction, J. Phys. Chem., 81, 1682 (1977).
- Joseph F. Chiang and K.C.Lu, Molecular Structure of 1,2,4-triazole,
J. Mol.
Struct., 41, 223 (1977).
- Joseph F. Chiang and K.C. Lu, A Revised Structure of
Bicyclo-[2.1,1]Hexene-2, Tetrahedron, 34, 867 (1978).
- K.C.Lu, Raymond Chiang and Joseph F. Chiang,The Molecular Structures
of Monosubstituted Cl-cyclohexenes by Gas Phase Electron Diffraction,
J. Mol. Struct., 64, 229 (1980).
- Joseph F. Chiang, Jung-Mei Song, S.H. Bauer and Stephen Ocken,
The Molecular Structure of p-cyanophenol, to be submitted to J. Phys.
Chem.
- Joseph F. Chiang and J.M. Song, Structures of 4-methyl-, 4-chloro-and
4-nitro-pyridine-N-oxides, J. Mol. Struct., 96, 151 (1982).
- J.F. Chiang, Molecular Structure of 3-Bromothietane-1,1-Dioxide,
Acta
Cryst., C39, 737 (1983).
- A. Brossi, P.N. Sharma, K. Takahasi, J.F. Chiang, I.L. Karle and
G. Seibert, Tetramethoprim and Pentamethoprim: Synthesis, Antibacterial
Properties and X-ray Structure, Helvetica Chimica Acta. 60, 795 7
(1983).
- I.L. Karle, J.L. Flippen-Anderson, J.F. Chiang and A.L. Lowrey,
The Conformation of Five, Tetra-and Pentamethoxylated phenyl Derivatives:
Weberine Analogs and Polymethoprims, Acta Cryst., B40, 500-506 (1984).
- J.F. Chiang and R.L. Chiang, The Structure of Pyrrole and Imidazole,
to be
submitted to J. Mol. Struct.
- J. Burnvoll, J.F. Chiang and I. Hargittai, Acta Cryst., C42, 94-
(1986).
- Joseph F. Chiang,, Anodic Oxidation of Metallic Super-conducting
Precursor in The Proceedings of the Third Annual Conference on Superconductivity
and Applications, November, 1989, Plenum Publishing Co. (New York).
- Joseph F. Chiang, Superconductors in Collected Essays (1988-1989)
of the Oneonta Faculty Convivium, 1989 (Oneonta, New York).
- M.A. Buonnano, R.M. Latanision, L.H. Hihara and J.F. Chiang, Corrosion
of Graphite Aluminum Metal Matrix Composites, Environmental Effects
on Advanced Materials, Edited by R.H. Jones and R.E. Ricker, Pp. 267-282(1991).
- Joseph F. Chiang, You-Wu Xu and P.C. Chen, A New Ceramic Glass:
Conversion of Fly Ash to a High Density and Anti-Corrosive Ceramic.
211th National ACS Meeting, March 24, 1996. Paper # 631, Inorganic
Chemistry Division.
- Joseph F. Chiang, You-Wu Xu and P. C. Chen, Process for Producing
Ceramic Glass Composition: US Patent #: 5,369,062, November 29, 1994.
- Joseph F. Chiang, You-Wu Xu and P. C. Chen, Ceramic Glass
Composition: US Patent #: 5,508,236, April 15, 1996.
- Joseph F. Chiang, Ceramic Glass from Fly Ash, International Conference
on Materials for Advanced Technology, Paper #I3-03, July 2, 2001,
Singapore.
- Joseph F. Chiang, Vitrification of Phosphogypsum, International
Conference on Materials for Advanced Technology, Paper #I8-04, July
3, 2001, Singapore.
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- Investigation
of Chemical Reactions by Carbon Dioxide Laser
The carbon dioxide laser Model 570 by Appolo Lasers, Inc. in Chatsworth,
CA. with an output power of 50 watts will be used for the research
activity. The power supply is of current-regulated type to insure
uniform plasma tube excitation current. The power supply may be operated
in the continuous wave(CW), chopped or pulsed modes. The pulse width
and repetition rate are adjustable which suits our research purpose.
CO2 laser action takes place in free molecule. The energy
levels involved in laser action are rotation-vibration levels and
the emission occurs at much longer wavelength well into the infra-red
region. The lasing medium consists of CO2, N2
and He gases in various proportions. For our instrument, a mixture
of 6% CO2, 18% N2, and 76% He will be needed
in order to have an optimum output for our research project. Unimolecular
laser induced reactions: Laser-induced photo-isomerization can be
applied to isomerization process to modify relative proportions of
different isomers in a mixture. In general, organic syntheses produce
more than one isomer. The equilibrium constant is related to temperature.
If the temperature required for reaction is very high, decomposition
may occur. In order to produce one isomer in a high proportion, selection
of an appropriate wavelength for such isomer to absorb is an important
process. This will result in high yield of such isomer. This type
of process can not be carried out with conventional photochemical
process. For example, in 1,2- dichloroethane, the cis isomer is more
stable than the trans-isomer by a calculated value of approximately
2 KJ/mol. Pulsed irradiation of a mixture containing an excess of
trans-compound at a frequency of 980.9 cm-1 results in conversion
a mixture in which the cis-isomer predominates. Another example is
the 949.5 cm-1 irradiation of hexafluorocyclobutane to form a high
yield of hexafluoro-1,3-dibutene which is less stable thermodynamically.
These two reactions will be studied by the newly acquisition of the
Appolo CO2 laser.
- The production
of Ceramic Powder:
We have been working on ceramic glass from fly ash for the past twelve
years. Two US patents have been awarded for the process and composition
of ceramic glass from fly ash. The process involved a thermal treatment
with high temperature furnace for the conversion of fly ash to ceramic
glass. For raw material other than fly ash, the particle size is the
most important factor determining the quality of the end product,
the ceramics. Such factor can not be handled with a furnace or thermal
treatment. Thus by using the radiation from carbon dioxide laser,
one can produce a vibrationally enhanced bimolecular reaction. An
example is the syntheses of Si3N4 from silane(SiH4)
and ammonia(NH3). Both silane and ammonia have absorption
at 10.6 _m wavelength region, and can undergo vibrational excitation.
The yield is high and the reaction time is short. It resulted in a
high purity Si3N4 with a narrow distribution
of particle size, less than a micron.
There are numerous applications of carbon dioxide laser in chemistry.
The above-mention two processes are just few of these cases.
Once our CO2 laser is in operation, it can be used for
many chemical and physical applications. If time permits, many new
and original chemical reactions can be chosen for study. The results
will be reported at the meetings of American Chemical Society and
American Physical Society. External funding will be seeking to continue
my research. We do have plan to apply for grants from National Science
Foundation, ACS Petroleum Fund, DOE, and other sources
.
- Utilization
and Disposal of Fly Ash from Coal-fired Power Plants.
The purpose of this research is to address to the minimization and
utilization of wastes from coal-fired power plants. The uncombustible
materials in coal-firing electric power plant can be classified as
fly ash, bottom ash(if ash particles have never completely melted),
or boiler slag(if ash particles have melted), and flue gas desulfurization(FGD)
. EPA has set restriction to remove sulfur from FGD, but no restrictions
are imposed on the disposition of the first three types of wastes
due to the non-hazardous nature. The Utility Solid Waste Activities
Group(USWAG), formed by the Edison Electric Institute, the American
Public Power Association, and the National Rural Electric Cooperative
Association has submitted a Comprehensive Report to EPA for the disposal
and utilization of wastes from combustion of coal by electric utility
power plant. USWAG also recommended Congress to encourage and endorse
the utilization of ash . It was estimated that electric utility will
generate 120 million tons of ash in 2000. Fly ash is about 20-50%
of all ash generated. The percentage generated depends on the boiler
process. The bottom ash with a higher density has been studied and
utilized in airport runway and highway constructions. The light and
low density fly-ash was usually treated by the ordinary method to
store in some empty space along hillside. Disposal and minimization
of the storage space for fly-ash have caused many environmental concerns
It is usually bulky due to the size of the ash and its disposal is
also very expensive. This project is aimed at the conversion of the
low density waste to a much higher density solid at a very high temperature
by heat treatment4. Heating process will play a very important role
in the conversion. A high temperature furnace with temperatures up
to 1600°C along with a programmable heating control system will
be needed 5. This laboratory equipment is available at the College
at Oneonta, State University of New York. Other instruments such a
diamond wheel saw, and grinder/polisher are available for the research
project. Some infrequently used instruments will not be purchased.
The project director has arrangement for the use of such instruments
with institutions such as RPI, MIT, Princeton and SUNY-Buffalo, etc.
Fly ash contains many oxides, such as SiO2, Al2O3,
CaO, MgO, Fe2O3/FeO. The mixture will be heated
to 1500°C or higher for a given period at previously determined
heating rate. Sintering processes also needed with the programmable
heat control software of the high temperature furnace. Removal of
some oxides or addition of other oxides will be carried out in order
to obtain a useful product. Our main purpose is to produce a high
density new product which is durable, easy to mold, oxidation resistant,
thermal shock resistant, high impact resistant, and high compressive
strength. The project director has been working in this field for
many years. He has received US patents for a ceramic glass product
(U. S. Patent No. 5,369,062, and US Patent No. 5,508236).
In this project, our major task is to search for a new thermal process.
Collection of fly ash from New York State Electric & Gas Company
and other power plants will be a simple process.
Once the product is formed, we will study the following properties:
Physical and Mechanical Properties:
a) Density measurement,
b) Compressive strength test,
c) Hardness measurement,
d) Impact Resistance test,
e) Thermal Shock Resistance measurement,
f) Thermal Expansion Coefficient measurement.
Chemical Properties:
a) Acid Resistance test,
b) Alkaline Resistance test.
- Another part
of my research activity is to study the utilization of waste from
phosphoric
acid fertilizer manufacture, the phospogypsum. The purpose is to produce
a new product which
will be described later, the vitrified roof tile and sidewalk brick/block.
Conducting nickel wire
or other metal will be incorporated in the this type of new products.
By passing electric current
to the tile or brick/block, ice or snow can be melted. This can serve
as a very useful structural
material in the northeast.
Phosphogypsum is referred as the by-product of wet acid production
of phosphoric acid
from phosphate rock deposits, the hydrofluoric acid and FGD(flue gas
desulfurization). For a
production of one ton of phosphoric acid, there are 4-5 tons of phosphogypsum
produced.
Approximately 150 million metric tons phosphogypsum are produced worldwide
annually. 15%
of the annual production has been reprocessed and used for new products.
60% has been
stockpiled and 25% was dumped. In United States, a relatively small
amount of phosphogypsum
has been utilized and most are stockpiled. About 70% of the utilized
phosphogypsum is for
manufacture of gypsum board and partition panels, 20% as additive
to cement, 7% for
agricultural application. The rest are used for recovery of sulfur
and other elements.
The composition of phosphgypsum based on the manufacture processes
of phosphoric
acid are listed below:
|
Type |
CaO |
SO3 |
P2O5 |
F |
SiO2 |
Fe2O2 |
Al2O3 |
Cryst.
H20 |
|
DH |
32.5 |
44.0 |
0.15 |
1.2 |
0.5 |
0.1 |
0.1 |
19.0 |
|
HH |
36.9 |
50.3 |
1.5 |
0.8 |
0.7 |
0.1 |
0.3 |
9.0 |
|
HDH |
32.2 |
46.5 |
0.25 |
0.5 |
0.4 |
0.05 |
0.3 |
20.0 |
DH: Di-hydrate process,
HH: Hemi-hydrate process,
HDH: Hemi-di-hydrate process.
For brick and block, a static compacting process is used . For brick
with a dimension
of 2x3 3/4x8", a static compaction of 12,000 psi will applied.
Ahmadi reported the following
tests on the brick: compaction strength, modulus of rupture, density,
water absorption, and
abrasion resistance. The properties are determined mainly by the process
for brick manufacture.
There are three different curing conditions for the brick:
1. Two days oven dried and five days air dried; two days oven dried
and five days air
dried followed by two days submerged in water(soaked). The compressive
strength varies from
2000 psi to 5000 psi.
2. If the brick is soaked in water for seven days, the compressive
strength will be 3000 psi (2% cement content), it increases to 4250
psi with 8% cement content.
3. Brick with 60% DH phosphogypsum, 2-8% portland cement and sand,
soaked in water for 28 days
of curing in a plastic membrane has a compressive strength of 4000
psi(with 2% cement content)
and 5500 psi(with 8% cement content). The modulus of rupture is in
the range from 100 psi to
1100 psi. water absorption is in the range of 6.005% to 7.440%. Densities
of brick varies from
1.87 g/mL to 2.07 g/mL(117 lb/ft3 to 129 lb/ft3) For 60% phospogypsum
and 2-10% cement
content brick, the abrasive depth of abrasion falls into the range
of 5 to 50 mils. The higher the
cement content, the higher the abrasive resistance.
Presently, one of my research programs on ceramic glass from coal-ash
are supported
by New York State Electric & Gas Company (NYSER&G) and the
Graduate Research Initiative
Program. Several research grant proposals have been submitted to the
Department of Energy and
National Science Foundation to seek fund for research in ceramic glass
study.
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